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H2XS(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide H2XS(1)
NAME
h2xs - convert .h C header files to Perl extensions
SYNOPSIS
h2xs [OPTIONS ...] [headerfile ... [extra_libraries]]
h2xs -h|-?|--help
DESCRIPTION
h2xs builds a Perl extension from C header files. The
extension will include functions which can be used to
retrieve the value of any #define statement which was in
the C header files.
The module_name will be used for the name of the exten-
sion. If module_name is not supplied then the name of the
first header file will be used, with the first character
capitalized.
If the extension might need extra libraries, they should
be included here. The extension Makefile.PL will take
care of checking whether the libraries actually exist and
how they should be loaded. The extra libraries should be
specified in the form -lm -lposix, etc, just as on the cc
command line. By default, the Makefile.PL will search
through the library path determined by Configure. That
path can be augmented by including arguments of the form
-L/another/library/path in the extra-libraries argument.
OPTIONS
-A, --omit-autoload
Omit all autoload facilities. This is the same as -c
but also removes the "use AutoLoader" statement from
the .pm file.
-B, --beta-version
Use an alpha/beta style version number. Causes ver-
sion number to be "0.00_01" unless -v is specified.
-C, --omit-changes
Omits creation of the Changes file, and adds a HIS-
TORY section to the POD template.
-F, --cpp-flags=addflags
Additional flags to specify to C preprocessor when
scanning header for function declarations. Writes
these options in the generated Makefile.PL too.
-M, --func-mask=regular expression
selects functions/macros to process.
-O, --overwrite-ok
Allows a pre-existing extension directory to be over-
written.
-P, --omit-pod
Omit the autogenerated stub POD section.
-X, --omit-XS
Omit the XS portion. Used to generate templates for
a module which is not XS-based. "-c" and "-f" are
implicitly enabled.
-a, --gen-accessors
Generate an accessor method for each element of
structs and unions. The generated methods are named
after the element name; will return the current value
of the element if called without additional argu-
ments; and will set the element to the supplied value
(and return the new value) if called with an addi-
tional argument. Embedded structures and unions are
returned as a pointer rather than the complete struc-
ture, to facilitate chained calls.
These methods all apply to the Ptr type for the
structure; additionally two methods are constructed
for the structure type itself, "_to_ptr" which
returns a Ptr type pointing to the same structure,
and a "new" method to construct and return a new
structure, initialised to zeroes.
-b, --compat-version=version
Generates a .pm file which is backwards compatible
with the specified perl version.
For versions < 5.6.0, the changes are.
- no use of 'our' (uses 'use vars' instead)
- no 'use warnings'
Specifying a compatibility version higher than the
version of perl you are using to run h2xs will have
no effect. If unspecified h2xs will default to com-
patibility with the version of perl you are using to
run h2xs.
-c, --omit-constant
Omit "constant()" from the .xs file and corresponding
specialised "AUTOLOAD" from the .pm file.
-d, --debugging
Turn on debugging messages.
-e, --omit-enums=[regular expression]
If regular expression is not given, skip all con-
stants that are defined in a C enumeration. Otherwise
skip only those constants that are defined in an enum
whose name matches regular expression.
Since regular expression is optional, make sure that
this switch is followed by at least one other switch
if you omit regular expression and have some pending
arguments such as header-file names. This is ok:
h2xs -e -n Module::Foo foo.h
This is not ok:
h2xs -n Module::Foo -e foo.h
In the latter, foo.h is taken as regular expression.
-f, --force
Allows an extension to be created for a header even
if that header is not found in standard include
directories.
-g, --global
Include code for safely storing static data in the
.xs file. Extensions that do no make use of static
data can ignore this option.
-h, -?, --help
Print the usage, help and version for this h2xs and
exit.
-k, --omit-const-func
For function arguments declared as "const", omit the
const attribute in the generated XS code.
-m, --gen-tied-var
Experimental: for each variable declared in the
header file(s), declare a perl variable of the same
name magically tied to the C variable.
-n, --name=module_name
Specifies a name to be used for the extension, e.g.,
-n RPC::DCE
-o, --opaque-re=regular expression
Use "opaque" data type for the C types matched by the
regular expression, even if these types are "type-
def"-equivalent to types from typemaps. Should not
be used without -x.
This may be useful since, say, types which are "type-
def"-equivalent to integers may represent OS-related
handles, and one may want to work with these handles
in OO-way, as in "$handle->do_something()". Use "-o
." if you want to handle all the "typedef"ed types as
opaque types.
The type-to-match is whitewashed (except for commas,
which have no whitespace before them, and multiple
"*" which have no whitespace between them).
-p, --remove-prefix=prefix
Specify a prefix which should be removed from the
Perl function names, e.g., -p sec_rgy_ This sets up
the XS PREFIX keyword and removes the prefix from
functions that are autoloaded via the "constant()"
mechanism.
-s, --const-subs=sub1,sub2
Create a perl subroutine for the specified macros
rather than autoload with the constant() subroutine.
These macros are assumed to have a return type of
char *, e.g., -s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wild-
card_sid.
-t, --default-type=type
Specify the internal type that the constant() mecha-
nism uses for macros. The default is IV (signed
integer). Currently all macros found during the
header scanning process will be assumed to have this
type. Future versions of "h2xs" may gain the ability
to make educated guesses.
--use-new-tests
When --compat-version (-b) is present the generated
tests will use "Test::More" rather than "Test" which
is the default for versions before 5.7.2 .
"Test::More" will be added to PREREQ_PM in the gener-
ated "Makefile.PL".
--use-old-tests
Will force the generation of test code that uses the
older "Test" module.
--skip-exporter
Do not use "Exporter" and/or export any symbol.
--skip-ppport
Do not use "Devel::PPPort": no portability to older
version.
--skip-autoloader
Do not use the module "AutoLoader"; but keep the con-
stant() function and "sub AUTOLOAD" for constants.
--skip-strict
Do not use the pragma "strict".
--skip-warnings
Do not use the pragma "warnings".
-v, --version=version
Specify a version number for this extension. This
version number is added to the templates. The
default is 0.01, or 0.00_01 if "-B" is specified.
The version specified should be numeric.
-x, --autogen-xsubs
Automatically generate XSUBs basing on function dec-
larations in the header file. The package "C::Scan"
should be installed. If this option is specified, the
name of the header file may look like "NAME1,NAME2".
In this case NAME1 is used instead of the specified
string, but XSUBs are emitted only for the declara-
tions included from file NAME2.
Note that some types of arguments/return-values for
functions may result in XSUB-declara-
tions/typemap-entries which need hand-editing. Such
may be objects which cannot be converted from/to a
pointer (like "long long"), pointers to functions, or
arrays. See also the section on "LIMITATIONS of -x".
EXAMPLES
# Default behavior, extension is Rusers
h2xs rpcsvc/rusers
# Same, but extension is RUSERS
h2xs -n RUSERS rpcsvc/rusers
# Extension is rpcsvc::rusers. Still finds
h2xs rpcsvc::rusers
# Extension is ONC::RPC. Still finds
h2xs -n ONC::RPC rpcsvc/rusers
# Without constant() or AUTOLOAD
h2xs -c rpcsvc/rusers
# Creates templates for an extension named RPC
h2xs -cfn RPC
# Extension is ONC::RPC.
h2xs -cfn ONC::RPC
# Extension is Lib::Foo which works at least with Perl5.005_03.
# Constants are created for all #defines and enums h2xs can find
# in foo.h.
h2xs -b 5.5.3 -n Lib::Foo foo.h
# Extension is Lib::Foo which works at least with Perl5.005_03.
# Constants are created for all #defines but only for enums
# whose names do not start with 'bar_'.
h2xs -b 5.5.3 -e '^bar_' -n Lib::Foo foo.h
# Makefile.PL will look for library -lrpc in
# additional directory /opt/net/lib
h2xs rpcsvc/rusers -L/opt/net/lib -lrpc
# Extension is DCE::rgynbase
# prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ dce/rgynbase
# Extension is DCE::rgynbase
# prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
# subroutines are created for sec_rgy_wildcard_name and
# sec_rgy_wildcard_sid
h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ \
-s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wildcard_sid dce/rgynbase
# Make XS without defines in perl.h, but with function declarations
# visible from perl.h. Name of the extension is perl1.
# When scanning perl.h, define -DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT(x)=
# Extra backslashes below because the string is passed to shell.
# Note that a directory with perl header files would
# be added automatically to include path.
h2xs -xAn perl1 -F "-DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT\(x\)=" perl.h
# Same with function declaration in proto.h as visible from perl.h.
h2xs -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
# Same but select only functions which match /^av_/
h2xs -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
# Same but treat SV* etc as "opaque" types
h2xs -o '^[S]V \*$' -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
Extension based on .h and .c files
Suppose that you have some C files implementing some func-
tionality, and the corresponding header files. How to
create an extension which makes this functionality acces-
sible in Perl? The example below assumes that the header
files are interface_simple.h and interface_hairy.h, and
you want the perl module be named as "Ext::Ension". If
you need some preprocessor directives and/or linking with
external libraries, see the flags "-F", "-L" and "-l" in
"OPTIONS".
Find the directory name
Start with a dummy run of h2xs:
h2xs -Afn Ext::Ension
The only purpose of this step is to create the needed
directories, and let you know the names of these
directories. From the output you can see that the
directory for the extension is Ext/Ension.
Copy C files
Copy your header files and C files to this directory
Ext/Ension.
Create the extension
Run h2xs, overwriting older autogenerated files:
h2xs -Oxan Ext::Ension interface_simple.h interface_hairy.h
h2xs looks for header files after changing to the
extension directory, so it will find your header files
OK.
Archive and test
As usual, run
cd Ext/Ension
perl Makefile.PL
make dist
make
make test
Hints
It is important to do "make dist" as early as possi-
ble. This way you can easily merge(1) your changes to
autogenerated files if you decide to edit your ".h"
files and rerun h2xs.
Do not forget to edit the documentation in the gener-
ated .pm file.
Consider the autogenerated files as skeletons only,
you may invent better interfaces than what h2xs could
guess.
Consider this section as a guideline only, some other
options of h2xs may better suit your needs.
ENVIRONMENT
No environment variables are used.
AUTHOR
Larry Wall and others
SEE ALSO
perl, perlxstut, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, and AutoLoader.
DIAGNOSTICS
The usual warnings if it cannot read or write the files
involved.
LIMITATIONS of -x
h2xs would not distinguish whether an argument to a C
function which is of the form, say, "int *", is an input,
output, or input/output parameter. In particular, argu-
ment declarations of the form
int
foo(n)
int *n
should be better rewritten as
int
foo(n)
int &n
if "n" is an input parameter.
Additionally, h2xs has no facilities to intuit that a
function
int
foo(addr,l)
char *addr
int l
takes a pair of address and length of data at this
address, so it is better to rewrite this function as
int
foo(sv)
SV *addr
PREINIT:
STRLEN len;
char *s;
CODE:
s = SvPV(sv,len);
RETVAL = foo(s, len);
OUTPUT:
RETVAL
or alternately
static int
my_foo(SV *sv)
{
STRLEN len;
char *s = SvPV(sv,len);
return foo(s, len);
}
MODULE = foo PACKAGE = foo PREFIX = my_
int
foo(sv)
SV *sv
See perlxs and perlxstut for additional details.
perl v5.8.8 2006-05-19 H2XS(1)