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PERLAPI(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLAPI(1)
NAME
perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public
API
DESCRIPTION
This file contains the documentation of the perl public
API generated by embed.pl, specifically a listing of func-
tions, macros, flags, and variables that may be used by
extension writers. The interfaces of any functions that
are not listed here are subject to change without notice.
For this reason, blindly using functions listed in proto.h
is to be avoided when writing extensions.
Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced
with the "PL_" prefix. Some macros are provided for com-
patibility with the older, unadorned names, but this sup-
port may be disabled in a future release.
The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
"Gimme" Values
GIMME A backward-compatible version of "GIMME_V" which
can only return "G_SCALAR" or "G_ARRAY"; in a void
context, it returns "G_SCALAR". Deprecated. Use
"GIMME_V" instead.
U32 GIMME
GIMME_V The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's "wantar-
ray". Returns "G_VOID", "G_SCALAR" or "G_ARRAY"
for void, scalar or list context, respectively.
U32 GIMME_V
G_ARRAY Used to indicate list context. See "GIMME_V",
"GIMME" and perlcall.
G_DISCARD
Indicates that arguments returned from a callback
should be discarded. See perlcall.
G_EVAL Used to force a Perl "eval" wrapper around a call-
back. See perlcall.
G_NOARGS
Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a
callback. See perlcall.
G_SCALAR
Used to indicate scalar context. See "GIMME_V",
"GIMME", and perlcall.
G_VOID Used to indicate void context. See "GIMME_V" and
perlcall.
Array Manipulation Functions
AvFILL Same as "av_len()". Deprecated, use "av_len()"
instead.
int AvFILL(AV* av)
av_clear
Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free
the memory used by the array itself.
void av_clear(AV* ar)
av_delete
Deletes the element indexed by "key" from the
array. Returns the deleted element. If "flags"
equals "G_DISCARD", the element is freed and null
is returned.
SV* av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)
av_exists
Returns true if the element indexed by "key" has
been initialized.
This relies on the fact that uninitialized array
elements are set to &PL_sv_undef.
bool av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key)
av_extend
Pre-extend an array. The "key" is the index to
which the array should be extended.
void av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)
av_fetch
Returns the SV at the specified index in the
array. The "key" is the index. If "lval" is set
then the fetch will be part of a store. Check
that the return value is non-null before derefer-
encing it to a "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
av_fill Ensure than an array has a given number of ele-
ments, equivalent to Perl's "$#array = $fill;".
void av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill)
av_len Returns the highest index in the array. Returns
-1 if the array is empty.
I32 av_len(AV* ar)
av_make Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of
SVs. The SVs are copied into the array, so they
may be freed after the call to av_make. The new
AV will have a reference count of 1.
AV* av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)
av_pop Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns
&PL_sv_undef if the array is empty.
SV* av_pop(AV* ar)
av_push Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array
will grow automatically to accommodate the addi-
tion.
void av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)
av_shift
Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
SV* av_shift(AV* ar)
av_store
Stores an SV in an array. The array index is
specified as "key". The return value will be NULL
if the operation failed or if the value did not
need to be actually stored within the array (as in
the case of tied arrays). Otherwise it can be
dereferenced to get the original "SV*". Note that
the caller is responsible for suitably increment-
ing the reference count of "val" before the call,
and decrementing it if the function returned NULL.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied arrays.
SV** av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
av_undef
Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the
array itself.
void av_undef(AV* ar)
av_unshift
Unshift the given number of "undef" values onto
the beginning of the array. The array will grow
automatically to accommodate the addition. You
must then use "av_store" to assign values to these
new elements.
void av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
get_av Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If
"create" is set and the Perl variable does not
exist then it will be created. If "create" is not
set and the variable does not exist then NULL is
returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
AV* get_av(const char* name, I32 create)
newAV Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to
1.
AV* newAV()
sortsv Sort an array. Here is an example:
sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);
See lib/sort.pm for details about controlling the
sorting algorithm.
void sortsv(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
Callback Functions
call_argv
Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub.
See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
call_method
Performs a callback to the specified Perl method.
The blessed object must be on the stack. See
perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
call_pv Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub.
See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
call_sv Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is
in the SV. See perlcall.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
I32 call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
ENTER Opening bracket on a callback. See "LEAVE" and
perlcall.
ENTER;
eval_pv Tells Perl to "eval" the given string and return
an SV* result.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
eval_sv Tells Perl to "eval" the string in the SV.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
FREETMPS
Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback.
See "SAVETMPS" and perlcall.
FREETMPS;
LEAVE Closing bracket on a callback. See "ENTER" and
perlcall.
LEAVE;
SAVETMPS
Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback.
See "FREETMPS" and perlcall.
SAVETMPS;
Character classes
isALNUM Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char"
is an ASCII alphanumeric character (including
underscore) or digit.
bool isALNUM(char ch)
isALPHA Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char"
is an ASCII alphabetic character.
bool isALPHA(char ch)
isDIGIT Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char"
is an ASCII digit.
bool isDIGIT(char ch)
isLOWER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char"
is a lowercase character.
bool isLOWER(char ch)
isSPACE Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char"
is whitespace.
bool isSPACE(char ch)
isUPPER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C "char"
is an uppercase character.
bool isUPPER(char ch)
toLOWER Converts the specified character to lowercase.
char toLOWER(char ch)
toUPPER Converts the specified character to uppercase.
char toUPPER(char ch)
Cloning an interpreter
perl_clone
Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the
current one.
perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:
CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the
stacks also, without it we only clone the data and
zero the stacks, with it we copy the stacks and
the new perl interpreter is ready to run at the
exact same point as the previous one. The pseudo-
fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the threads->new
doesn't.
CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE perl_clone keeps a ptr_table
with the pointer of the old variable as a key and
the new variable as a value, this allows it to
check if something has been cloned and not clone
it again but rather just use the value and
increase the refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not
set then perl_clone will kill the ptr_table using
the function "ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table);
PL_ptr_table = NULL;", reason to keep it around is
if you want to dup some of your own variable who
are outside the graph perl scans, example of this
code is in threads.xs create
CLONEf_CLONE_HOST This is a win32 thing, it is
ignored on unix, it tells perls win32host code
(which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on
win32 if you want to run two threads at the same
time, if you just want to do some stuff in a sepa-
rate perl interpreter and then throw it away and
return to the original one, you don't need to do
anything.
PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)
CV Manipulation Functions
CvSTASH Returns the stash of the CV.
HV* CvSTASH(CV* cv)
get_cv Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine.
If "create" is set and the Perl subroutine does
not exist then it will be declared (which has the
same effect as saying "sub name;"). If "create"
is not set and the subroutine does not exist then
NULL is returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 create)
Embedding Functions
cv_undef
Clear out all the active components of a CV. This
can happen either by an explicit "undef &foo", or
by the reference count going to zero. In the for-
mer case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that
any anonymous children can still follow the full
lexical scope chain.
void cv_undef(CV* cv)
load_module
Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the
string part of name. Note that the actual module
name, not its filename, should be given. Eg,
"Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm". flags can be
any of PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT,
or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS (or 0 for no flags).
ver, if specified, provides version semantics sim-
ilar to "use Foo::Bar VERSION". The optional
trailing SV* arguments can be used to specify
arguments to the module's import() method, similar
to "use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST".
void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
nothreadhook
Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct
when there are no threads.
int nothreadhook()
perl_alloc
Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
perl_construct
Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See perlem-
bed.
void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_destruct
Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_free
Releases a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.
void perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)
perl_parse
Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script.
See perlembed.
int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
perl_run
Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See perlembed.
int perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)
require_pv
Tells Perl to "require" the file named by the
string argument. It is analogous to the Perl code
"eval "require '$file'"". It's even implemented
that way; consider using load_module instead.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
void require_pv(const char* pv)
Functions in file pp_pack.c
packlist
The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
void packlist(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
pack_cat
The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
Note: parameters next_in_list and flags are not
used. This call should not be used; use packlist
instead.
void pack_cat(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)
unpackstring
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function.
"unpackstring" puts the extracted list items on
the stack and returns the number of elements.
Issue "PUTBACK" before and "SPAGAIN" after the
call to this function.
I32 unpackstring(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strend, U32 flags)
unpack_str
The engine implementing unpack() Perl function.
Note: parameters strbeg, new_s and ocnt are not
used. This call should not be used, use unpack-
string instead.
I32 unpack_str(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strbeg, char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
Global Variables
PL_modglobal
"PL_modglobal" is a general purpose, interpreter
global HV for use by extensions that need to keep
information on a per-interpreter basis. In a
pinch, it can also be used as a symbol table for
extensions to share data among each other. It is
a good idea to use keys prefixed by the package
name of the extension that owns the data.
HV* PL_modglobal
PL_na A convenience variable which is typically used
with "SvPV" when one doesn't care about the length
of the string. It is usually more efficient to
either declare a local variable and use that
instead or to use the "SvPV_nolen" macro.
STRLEN PL_na
PL_sv_no
This is the "false" SV. See "PL_sv_yes". Always
refer to this as &PL_sv_no.
SV PL_sv_no
PL_sv_undef
This is the "undef" SV. Always refer to this as
&PL_sv_undef.
SV PL_sv_undef
PL_sv_yes
This is the "true" SV. See "PL_sv_no". Always
refer to this as &PL_sv_yes.
SV PL_sv_yes
GV Functions
GvSV Return the SV from the GV.
SV* GvSV(GV* gv)
gv_fetchmeth
Returns the glob with the given "name" and a
defined subroutine or "NULL". The glob lives in
the given "stash", or in the stashes accessible
via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
The argument "level" should be either 0 or -1. If
"level==0", as a side-effect creates a glob with
the given "name" in the given "stash" which in the
case of success contains an alias for the subrou-
tine, and sets up caching info for this glob.
Similarly for all the searched stashes.
This function grants "SUPER" token as a postfix of
the stash name. The GV returned from "gv_fetch-
meth" may be a method cache entry, which is not
visible to Perl code. So when calling "call_sv",
you should not use the GV directly; instead, you
should use the method's CV, which can be obtained
from the GV with the "GvCV" macro.
GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gv_fetchmethod
See gv_fetchmethod_autoload.
GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
gv_fetchmethod_autoload
Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to
call to invoke the method on the "stash". In fact
in the presence of autoloading this may be the
glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the correspond-
ing variable $AUTOLOAD is already setup.
The third parameter of "gv_fetchmethod_autoload"
determines whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if
the given method is not present: non-zero means
yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look
for AUTOLOAD. Calling "gv_fetchmethod" is equiva-
lent to calling "gv_fetchmethod_autoload" with a
non-zero "autoload" parameter.
These functions grant "SUPER" token as a prefix of
the method name. Note that if you want to keep the
returned glob for a long time, you need to check
for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time
the call may load a different subroutine due to
$AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob created
via a side effect to do this.
These functions have the same side-effects and as
"gv_fetchmeth" with "level==0". "name" should be
writable if contains ':' or "' ''". The warning
against passing the GV returned by "gv_fetchmeth"
to "call_sv" apply equally to these functions.
GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
gv_fetchmeth_autoload
Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded
subroutines too. Returns a glob for the subrou-
tine.
For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will
create a GV even if "level < 0". For an
autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV() of
the result may be zero.
GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
gv_stashpv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified
package. "name" should be a valid UTF-8 string
and must be null-terminated. If "create" is set
then the package will be created if it does not
already exist. If "create" is not set and the
package does not exist then NULL is returned.
HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create)
gv_stashpvn
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified
package. "name" should be a valid UTF-8 string.
The "namelen" parameter indicates the length of
the "name", in bytes. If "create" is set then the
package will be created if it does not already
exist. If "create" is not set and the package
does not exist then NULL is returned.
HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 create)
gv_stashsv
Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified
package, which must be a valid UTF-8 string. See
"gv_stashpv".
HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)
Handy Values
Nullav Null AV pointer.
Nullch Null character pointer.
Nullcv Null CV pointer.
Nullhv Null HV pointer.
Nullsv Null SV pointer.
Hash Manipulation Functions
get_hv Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If
"create" is set and the Perl variable does not
exist then it will be created. If "create" is not
set and the variable does not exist then NULL is
returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
HV* get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)
HEf_SVKEY
This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries
and magic structures, specifies the structure con-
tains an "SV*" pointer where a "char*" pointer is
to be expected. (For information only--not to be
used).
HeHASH Returns the computed hash stored in the hash
entry.
U32 HeHASH(HE* he)
HeKEY Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot
of the hash entry. The pointer may be either
"char*" or "SV*", depending on the value of
"HeKLEN()". Can be assigned to. The "HePV()" or
"HeSVKEY()" macros are usually preferable for
finding the value of a key.
void* HeKEY(HE* he)
HeKLEN If this is negative, and amounts to "HEf_SVKEY",
it indicates the entry holds an "SV*" key.
Otherwise, holds the actual length of the key.
Can be assigned to. The "HePV()" macro is usually
preferable for finding key lengths.
STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
HePV Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a
"char*" value, doing any necessary dereferencing
of possibly "SV*" keys. The length of the string
is placed in "len" (this is a macro, so do not use
&len). If you do not care about what the length
of the key is, you may use the global variable
"PL_na", though this is rather less efficient than
using a local variable. Remember though, that
hash keys in perl are free to contain embedded
nulls, so using "strlen()" or similar is not a
good way to find the length of hash keys. This is
very similar to the "SvPV()" macro described else-
where in this document.
char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
HeSVKEY Returns the key as an "SV*", or "Nullsv" if the
hash entry does not contain an "SV*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY(HE* he)
HeSVKEY_force
Returns the key as an "SV*". Will create and
return a temporary mortal "SV*" if the hash entry
contains only a "char*" key.
SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
HeSVKEY_set
Sets the key to a given "SV*", taking care to set
the appropriate flags to indicate the presence of
an "SV*" key, and returns the same "SV*".
SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
HeVAL Returns the value slot (type "SV*") stored in the
hash entry.
SV* HeVAL(HE* he)
HvNAME Returns the package name of a stash. See "SvS-
TASH", "CvSTASH".
char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
hv_clear
Clears a hash, making it empty.
void hv_clear(HV* tb)
hv_clear_placeholders
Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a
restricted hash has any of its keys marked as
readonly and the key is subsequently deleted, the
key is not actually deleted but is marked by
assigning it a value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This
tags it so it will be ignored by future operations
such as iterating over the hash, but will still
allow the hash to have a value reassigned to the
key at some future point. This function clears
any such placeholder keys from the hash. See
Hash::Util::lock_keys() for an example of its use.
void hv_clear_placeholders(HV* hb)
hv_delete
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value
SV is removed from the hash and returned to the
caller. The "klen" is the length of the key. The
"flags" value will normally be zero; if set to
G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned.
SV* hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
hv_delete_ent
Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value
SV is removed from the hash and returned to the
caller. The "flags" value will normally be zero;
if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned.
"hash" can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0
to ask for it to be computed.
SV* hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
hv_exists
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
hash key exists. The "klen" is the length of the
key.
bool hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)
hv_exists_ent
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified
hash key exists. "hash" can be a valid precomputed
hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
bool hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
hv_fetch
Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified
key in the hash. The "klen" is the length of the
key. If "lval" is set then the fetch will be part
of a store. Check that the return value is non-
null before dereferencing it to an "SV*".
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
hv_fetch_ent
Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the
specified key in the hash. "hash" must be a valid
precomputed hash number for the given "key", or 0
if you want the function to compute it. IF "lval"
is set then the fetch will be part of a store.
Make sure the return value is non-null before
accessing it. The return value when "tb" is a
tied hash is a pointer to a static location, so be
sure to make a copy of the structure if you need
to store it somewhere.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
hv_iterinit
Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash
table. Returns the number of keys in the hash
(i.e. the same as "HvKEYS(tb)"). The return value
is currently only meaningful for hashes without
tie magic.
NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, "hv_iterinit" used
to return the number of hash buckets that happen
to be in use. If you still need that esoteric
value, you can get it through the macro
"HvFILL(tb)".
I32 hv_iterinit(HV* tb)
hv_iterkey
Returns the key from the current position of the
hash iterator. See "hv_iterinit".
char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
hv_iterkeysv
Returns the key as an "SV*" from the current posi-
tion of the hash iterator. The return value will
always be a mortal copy of the key. Also see
"hv_iterinit".
SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
hv_iternext
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See
"hv_iterinit".
You may call "hv_delete" or "hv_delete_ent" on the
hash entry that the iterator currently points to,
without losing your place or invalidating your
iterator. Note that in this case the current
entry is deleted from the hash with your iterator
holding the last reference to it. Your iterator
is flagged to free the entry on the next call to
"hv_iternext", so you must not discard your itera-
tor immediately else the entry will leak - call
"hv_iternext" to trigger the resource dealloca-
tion.
HE* hv_iternext(HV* tb)
hv_iternextsv
Performs an "hv_iternext", "hv_iterkey", and
"hv_iterval" in one operation.
SV* hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
hv_iternext_flags
Returns entries from a hash iterator. See
"hv_iterinit" and "hv_iternext". The "flags"
value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANT-
PLACEHOLDERS is set the placeholders keys (for
restricted hashes) will be returned in addition to
normal keys. By default placeholders are automati-
cally skipped over. Currently a placeholder is
implemented with a value that is &Perl_sv_place-
holder. Note that the implementation of
placeholders and restricted hashes may change, and
the implementation currently is insufficiently
abstracted for any change to be tidy.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags)
hv_iterval
Returns the value from the current position of the
hash iterator. See "hv_iterkey".
SV* hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
hv_magic
Adds magic to a hash. See "sv_magic".
void hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
hv_scalar
Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns
the result. Handles magic when the hash is tied.
SV* hv_scalar(HV* hv)
hv_store
Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified
as "key" and "klen" is the length of the key. The
"hash" parameter is the precomputed hash value; if
it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return
value will be NULL if the operation failed or if
the value did not need to be actually stored
within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes).
Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the origi-
nal "SV*". Note that the caller is responsible
for suitably incrementing the reference count of
"val" before the call, and decrementing it if the
function returned NULL. Effectively a successful
hv_store takes ownership of one reference to
"val". This is usually what you want; a newly
created SV has a reference count of one, so if all
your code does is create SVs then store them in a
hash, hv_store will own the only reference to the
new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything
further to tidy up. hv_store is not implemented
as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a
temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is
not already in SV form then use hv_store in pref-
erence to hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
SV** hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
hv_store_ent
Stores "val" in a hash. The hash key is specified
as "key". The "hash" parameter is the precomputed
hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute
it. The return value is the new hash entry so
created. It will be NULL if the operation failed
or if the value did not need to be actually stored
within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes).
Otherwise the contents of the return value can be
accessed using the "He?" macros described here.
Note that the caller is responsible for suitably
incrementing the reference count of "val" before
the call, and decrementing it if the function
returned NULL. Effectively a successful
hv_store_ent takes ownership of one reference to
"val". This is usually what you want; a newly
created SV has a reference count of one, so if all
your code does is create SVs then store them in a
hash, hv_store will own the only reference to the
new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything
further to tidy up. Note that hv_store_ent only
reads the "key"; unlike "val" it does not take
ownership of it, so maintaining the correct refer-
ence count on "key" is entirely the caller's
responsibility. hv_store is not implemented as a
call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a tempo-
rary SV for the key, so if your key data is not
already in SV form then use hv_store in preference
to hv_store_ent.
See "Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and
Arrays" in perlguts for more information on how to
use this function on tied hashes.
HE* hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
hv_undef
Undefines the hash.
void hv_undef(HV* tb)
newHV Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to
1.
HV* newHV()
Magical Functions
mg_clear
Clear something magical that the SV represents.
See "sv_magic".
int mg_clear(SV* sv)
mg_copy Copies the magic from one SV to another. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
mg_find Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV.
See "sv_magic".
MAGIC* mg_find(SV* sv, int type)
mg_free Free any magic storage used by the SV. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_free(SV* sv)
mg_get Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV.
See "sv_magic".
int mg_get(SV* sv)
mg_length
Report on the SV's length. See "sv_magic".
U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
mg_magical
Turns on the magical status of an SV. See
"sv_magic".
void mg_magical(SV* sv)
mg_set Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See
"sv_magic".
int mg_set(SV* sv)
SvGETMAGIC
Invokes "mg_get" on an SV if it has 'get' magic.
This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvLOCK Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be
obtained on sv if a suitable module has been
loaded.
void SvLOCK(SV* sv)
SvSETMAGIC
Invokes "mg_set" on an SV if it has 'set' magic.
This macro evaluates its argument more than once.
void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
SvSetMagicSV
Like "SvSetSV", but does any set magic required
afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetMagicSV_nosteal
Like "SvSetSV_nosteal", but does any set magic
required afterwards.
void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSetSV Calls "sv_setsv" if dsv is not the same as ssv.
May evaluate arguments more than once.
void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
SvSetSV_nosteal
Calls a non-destructive version of "sv_setsv" if
dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments
more than once.
void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
SvSHARE Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a
suitable module has been loaded.
void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
SvUNLOCK
Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suit-
able module has been loaded.
void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
Memory Management
Copy The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memcpy"
function. The "src" is the source, "dest" is the
destination, "nitems" is the number of items, and
"type" is the type. May fail on overlapping
copies. See also "Move".
void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
CopyD Like "Copy" but returns dest. Useful for encourag-
ing compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
Move The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memmove"
function. The "src" is the source, "dest" is the
destination, "nitems" is the number of items, and
"type" is the type. Can do overlapping moves.
See also "Copy".
void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
MoveD Like "Move" but returns dest. Useful for encourag-
ing compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
Newx The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc"
function.
void Newx(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Newxc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc"
function, with cast.
void Newxc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Newxz The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "malloc"
function. The allocated memory is zeroed with
"memzero".
In 5.9.3, we removed the 1st parameter, a debug
aid, from the api. It was used to uniquely iden-
tify each usage of these allocation functions, but
was deemed unnecessary with the availability of
better memory tracking tools, valgrind for exam-
ple.
void Newxz(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Poison Fill up memory with a pattern (byte 0xAB over and
over again) that hopefully catches attempts to
access uninitialized memory.
void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Renew The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc"
function.
void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
Renewc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "realloc"
function, with cast.
void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
Safefree
The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "free" func-
tion.
void Safefree(void* ptr)
savepv Perl's version of "strdup()". Returns a pointer to
a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of
"pv". The size of the string is determined by
"strlen()". The memory allocated for the new
string can be freed with the "Safefree()" func-
tion.
char* savepv(const char* pv)
savepvn Perl's version of what "strndup()" would be if it
existed. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated
string which is a duplicate of the first "len"
bytes from "pv". The memory allocated for the new
string can be freed with the "Safefree()" func-
tion.
char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
savesharedpv
A version of "savepv()" which allocates the dupli-
cate string in memory which is shared between
threads.
char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
savesvpv
A version of "savepv()"/"savepvn()" which gets the
string to duplicate from the passed in SV using
"SvPV()"
char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
StructCopy
This is an architecture-independent macro to copy
one structure to another.
void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
Zero The XSUB-writer's interface to the C "memzero"
function. The "dest" is the destination, "nitems"
is the number of items, and "type" is the type.
void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
ZeroD Like "Zero" but returns dest. Useful for encourag-
ing compilers to tail-call optimise.
void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
Miscellaneous Functions
fbm_compile
Analyses the string in order to make fast searches
on it using fbm_instr() -- the Boyer-Moore algo-
rithm.
void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
fbm_instr
Returns the location of the SV in the string
delimited by "str" and "strend". It returns
"Nullch" if the string can't be found. The "sv"
does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the search
will not be as fast then.
char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
form Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conven-
tional (non-SV) arguments and returns the format-
ted string.
(char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
can be used any place a string (char *) is
required:
char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
Uses a single private buffer so if you want to
format several strings you must explicitly copy
the earlier strings away (and free the copies when
you are done).
char* form(const char* pat, ...)
getcwd_sv
Fill the sv with current working directory
int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
strEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal.
Returns true or false.
bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
strGE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
greater than or equal to the second, "s2".
Returns true or false.
bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
strGT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
greater than the second, "s2". Returns true or
false.
bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
strLE Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
less than or equal to the second, "s2". Returns
true or false.
bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
strLT Test two strings to see if the first, "s1", is
less than the second, "s2". Returns true or
false.
bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
strNE Test two strings to see if they are different.
Returns true or false.
bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
strnEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. The
"len" parameter indicates the number of bytes to
compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
"strncmp").
bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
strnNE Test two strings to see if they are different.
The "len" parameter indicates the number of bytes
to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
"strncmp").
bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
sv_nolocking
Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no
locking module present. Exists to avoid test for
a NULL function pointer and because it could
potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
void sv_nolocking(SV *)
sv_nosharing
Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is
no sharing module present. Exists to avoid test
for a NULL function pointer and because it could
potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
void sv_nosharing(SV *)
sv_nounlocking
Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is
no locking module present. Exists to avoid test
for a NULL function pointer and because it could
potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
void sv_nounlocking(SV *)
Numeric functions
grok_bin
converts a string representing a binary number to
numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan,
*flags gives conversion flags, and result should
be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at
the end of the string, or the first invalid char-
acter. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set
in *flags, encountering an invalid character will
also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to
the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives
output flags.
If the value is <= "UV_MAX" it is returned as a
UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is
written to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX
"grok_bin" returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output
flags, and writes the value to *result (or the
value is discarded if result is NULL).
The binary number may optionally be prefixed with
"0b" or "b" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is
set in *flags on entry. If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDER-
SCORES" is set in *flags then the binary number
may use '_' characters to separate digits.
UV grok_bin(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
grok_hex
converts a string representing a hex number to
numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan,
*flags gives conversion flags, and result should
be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at
the end of the string, or the first invalid char-
acter. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set
in *flags, encountering an invalid character will
also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to
the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives
output flags.
If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV,
the output flags are clear, and nothing is written
to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_hex"
returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output
flags, and writes the value to *result (or the
value is discarded if result is NULL).
The hex number may optionally be prefixed with
"0x" or "x" unless "PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX" is
set in *flags on entry. If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDER-
SCORES" is set in *flags then the hex number may
use '_' characters to separate digits.
UV grok_hex(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
grok_number
Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the num-
ber is returned (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it
is a bit-ORed combination of IS_NUMBER_IN_UV,
IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT,
IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN
(defined in perl.h).
If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is
returned in the *valuep IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be
set to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUM-
BER_IN_UV will never be set unless *valuep is
valid, but *valuep may have been assigned to dur-
ing processing even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not
set on return. If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
will be set for the same cases as when valuep is
non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will
occur.
IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
if trailing decimals were seen (in which case
*valuep gives the true value truncated to an inte-
ger), and IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is negative
(in which case *valuep holds the absolute value).
IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation was used
or the number is larger than a UV.
int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
grok_numeric_radix
Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator
(radix).
bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
grok_oct
converts a string representing an octal number to
numeric form.
On entry start and *len give the string to scan,
*flags gives conversion flags, and result should
be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at
the end of the string, or the first invalid char-
acter. Unless "PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT" is set
in *flags, encountering an invalid character will
also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to
the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives
output flags.
If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV,
the output flags are clear, and nothing is written
to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX "grok_oct"
returns UV_MAX, sets
"PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX" in the output
flags, and writes the value to *result (or the
value is discarded if result is NULL).
If "PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES" is set in *flags
then the octal number may use '_' characters to
separate digits.
UV grok_oct(char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
scan_bin
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_bin"
instead.
NV scan_bin(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scan_hex
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_hex"
instead.
NV scan_hex(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
scan_oct
For backwards compatibility. Use "grok_oct"
instead.
NV scan_oct(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
Optree Manipulation Functions
cv_const_sv
If "cv" is a constant sub eligible for inlining.
returns the constant value returned by the sub.
Otherwise, returns NULL.
Constant subs can be created with "newCONSTSUB" or
as described in "Constant Functions" in perlsub.
SV* cv_const_sv(CV* cv)
newCONSTSUB
Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl "sub FOO
() { 123 }" which is eligible for inlining at com-
pile-time.
CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, char* name, SV* sv)
newXS Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
Pad Data Structures
pad_sv Get the value at offset po in the current pad.
Use macro PAD_SV instead of calling this function
directly.
SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)
Stack Manipulation Macros
dMARK Declare a stack marker variable, "mark", for the
XSUB. See "MARK" and "dORIGMARK".
dMARK;
dORIGMARK
Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See
"ORIGMARK".
dORIGMARK;
dSP Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for
the XSUB, available via the "SP" macro. See "SP".
dSP;
EXTEND Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's
return values. Once used, guarantees that there is
room for at least "nitems" to be pushed onto the
stack.
void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
MARK Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See "dMARK".
mPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must
have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic.
Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHi", "mXPUSHi"
and "XPUSHi".
void mPUSHi(IV iv)
mPUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "PUSHn", "mXPUSHn" and
"XPUSHn".
void mPUSHn(NV nv)
mPUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. The "len" indicates the
length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "PUSHp", "mXPUSHp" and
"XPUSHp".
void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The
stack must have room for this element. Handles
'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also
"PUSHu", "mXPUSHu" and "XPUSHu".
void mPUSHu(UV uv)
mXPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the
stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does
not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHi", "mPUSHi" and
"PUSHi".
void mXPUSHi(IV iv)
mXPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack
if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
"TARG". See also "XPUSHn", "mPUSHn" and "PUSHn".
void mXPUSHn(NV nv)
mXPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack
if necessary. The "len" indicates the length of
the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
"TARG". See also "XPUSHp", "mPUSHp" and "PUSHp".
void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
mXPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending
the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic.
Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHu", "mPUSHu"
and "PUSHu".
void mXPUSHu(UV uv)
ORIGMARK
The original stack mark for the XSUB. See "dORIG-
MARK".
POPi Pops an integer off the stack.
IV POPi
POPl Pops a long off the stack.
long POPl
POPn Pops a double off the stack.
NV POPn
POPp Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code
should use POPpx.
char* POPp
POPpbytex
Pops a string off the stack which must consist of
bytes i.e. characters < 256.
char* POPpbytex
POPpx Pops a string off the stack.
char* POPpx
POPs Pops an SV off the stack.
SV* POPs
PUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must
have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic.
Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be
called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's
- see "mPUSHi" instead. See also "XPUSHi" and
"mXPUSHi".
void PUSHi(IV iv)
PUSHMARK
Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See
"PUTBACK" and perlcall.
void PUSHMARK(SP)
PUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack
must have room for this element. Does not handle
'set' magic. Does not use "TARG". See also
"PUSHs", "XPUSHmortal" and "XPUSHs".
void PUSHmortal()
PUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-ori-
ented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mPUSHn" instead. See also "XPUSHn" and
"mXPUSHn".
void PUSHn(NV nv)
PUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. The "len" indicates the
length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-ori-
ented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mPUSHp" instead. See also "XPUSHp" and
"mXPUSHp".
void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
PUSHs Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have
room for this element. Does not handle 'set'
magic. Does not use "TARG". See also "PUSHmor-
tal", "XPUSHs" and "XPUSHmortal".
void PUSHs(SV* sv)
PUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The
stack must have room for this element. Handles
'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXS-
TARG" should be called to declare it. Do not call
multiple "TARG"-oriented macros to return lists
from XSUB's - see "mPUSHu" instead. See also
"XPUSHu" and "mXPUSHu".
void PUSHu(UV uv)
PUTBACK Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usu-
ally handled by "xsubpp". See "PUSHMARK" and
perlcall for other uses.
PUTBACK;
SP Stack pointer. This is usually handled by
"xsubpp". See "dSP" and "SPAGAIN".
SPAGAIN Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback.
See perlcall.
SPAGAIN;
XPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the
stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
"TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called
to declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-ori-
ented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
"mXPUSHi" instead. See also "PUSHi" and "mPUSHi".
void XPUSHi(IV iv)
XPUSHmortal
Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the
stack if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic.
Does not use "TARG". See also "XPUSHs", "PUSHmor-
tal" and "PUSHs".
void XPUSHmortal()
XPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack
if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG",
so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to
declare it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented
macros to return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHn"
instead. See also "PUSHn" and "mPUSHn".
void XPUSHn(NV nv)
XPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack
if necessary. The "len" indicates the length of
the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses "TARG", so
"dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be called to declare
it. Do not call multiple "TARG"-oriented macros
to return lists from XSUB's - see "mXPUSHp"
instead. See also "PUSHp" and "mPUSHp".
void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
XPUSHs Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if
necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not
use "TARG". See also "XPUSHmortal", "PUSHs" and
"PUSHmortal".
void XPUSHs(SV* sv)
XPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending
the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic.
Uses "TARG", so "dTARGET" or "dXSTARG" should be
called to declare it. Do not call multiple
"TARG"-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's
- see "mXPUSHu" instead. See also "PUSHu" and
"mPUSHu".
void XPUSHu(UV uv)
XSRETURN
Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on
the stack. This is usually handled by "xsubpp".
void XSRETURN(int nitems)
XSRETURN_EMPTY
Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
XSRETURN_EMPTY;
XSRETURN_IV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mIV".
void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
XSRETURN_NO
Return &PL_sv_no from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mNO".
XSRETURN_NO;
XSRETURN_NV
Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mNV".
void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
XSRETURN_PV
Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immedi-
ately. Uses "XST_mPV".
void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
XSRETURN_UNDEF
Return &PL_sv_undef from an XSUB immediately.
Uses "XST_mUNDEF".
XSRETURN_UNDEF;
XSRETURN_UV
Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mUV".
void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
XSRETURN_YES
Return &PL_sv_yes from an XSUB immediately. Uses
"XST_mYES".
XSRETURN_YES;
XST_mIV Place an integer into the specified position "pos"
on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal
SV.
void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
XST_mNO Place &PL_sv_no into the specified position "pos"
on the stack.
void XST_mNO(int pos)
XST_mNV Place a double into the specified position "pos"
on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal
SV.
void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
XST_mPV Place a copy of a string into the specified posi-
tion "pos" on the stack. The value is stored in a
new mortal SV.
void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
XST_mUNDEF
Place &PL_sv_undef into the specified position
"pos" on the stack.
void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
XST_mYES
Place &PL_sv_yes into the specified position "pos"
on the stack.
void XST_mYES(int pos)
SV Flags
svtype An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found
in the file sv.h in the "svtype" enum. Test these
flags with the "SvTYPE" macro.
SVt_IV Integer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_NV Double type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_PV Pointer type flag for scalars. See "svtype".
SVt_PVAV
Type flag for arrays. See "svtype".
SVt_PVCV
Type flag for code refs. See "svtype".
SVt_PVHV
Type flag for hashes. See "svtype".
SVt_PVMG
Type flag for blessed scalars. See "svtype".
SV Manipulation Functions
get_sv Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If
"create" is set and the Perl variable does not
exist then it will be created. If "create" is not
set and the variable does not exist then NULL is
returned.
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is depre-
cated.
SV* get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)
looks_like_number
Test if the content of an SV looks like a number
(or is a number). "Inf" and "Infinity" are
treated as numbers (so will not issue a non-
numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't grok
them.
I32 looks_like_number(SV* sv)
newRV_inc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference
count for the original SV is incremented.
SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv)
newRV_noinc
Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference
count for the original SV is not incremented.
SV* newRV_noinc(SV *sv)
NEWSV Creates a new SV. A non-zero "len" parameter
indicates the number of bytes of preallocated
string space the SV should have. An extra byte
for a tailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not
set for the SV even if string space is allocated.)
The reference count for the new SV is set to 1.
"id" is an integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to
identify leaks).
SV* NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len)
newSV Create a new null SV, or if len > 0, create a new
empty SVt_PV type SV with an initial PV allocation
of len+1. Normally accessed via the "NEWSV" macro.
SV* newSV(STRLEN len)
newSVhek
Creates a new SV from the hash key structure. It
will generate scalars that point to the shared
string table where possible. Returns a new (unde-
fined) SV if the hek is NULL.
SV* newSVhek(const HEK *hek)
newSViv Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it.
The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
SV* newSViv(IV i)
newSVnv Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value
into it. The reference count for the SV is set to
1.
SV* newSVnv(NV n)
newSVpv Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The
reference count for the SV is set to 1. If "len"
is zero, Perl will compute the length using
strlen(). For efficiency, consider using
"newSVpvn" instead.
SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvf
Creates a new SV and initializes it with the
string formatted like "sprintf".
SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
newSVpvn
Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The
reference count for the SV is set to 1. Note that
if "len" is zero, Perl will create a zero length
string. You are responsible for ensuring that the
source string is at least "len" bytes long. If
the "s" argument is NULL the new SV will be unde-
fined.
SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
newSVpvn_share
Creates a new SV with its SvPVX_const pointing to
a shared string in the string table. If the string
does not already exist in the table, it is created
first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The string's
hash is stored in the UV slot of the SV; if the
"hash" parameter is non-zero, that value is used;
otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is
that as the string table is used for shared hash
keys these strings will have SvPVX_const == HeKEY
and hash lookup will avoid string compare.
SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
newSVrv Creates a new SV for the RV, "rv", to point to.
If "rv" is not an RV then it will be upgraded to
one. If "classname" is non-null then the new SV
will be blessed in the specified package. The new
SV is returned and its reference count is 1.
SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
newSVsv Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of
the original SV. (Uses "sv_setsv").
SV* newSVsv(SV* old)
newSVuv Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer
into it. The reference count for the SV is set to
1.
SV* newSVuv(UV u)
SvCUR Returns the length of the string which is in the
SV. See "SvLEN".
STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
SvCUR_set
Set the current length of the string which is in
the SV. See "SvCUR" and "SvIV_set".
void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvEND Returns a pointer to the last character in the
string which is in the SV. See "SvCUR". Access
the character as *(SvEND(sv)).
char* SvEND(SV* sv)
SvGROW Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it
has room for the indicated number of bytes (remem-
ber to reserve space for an extra trailing NUL
character). Calls "sv_grow" to perform the expan-
sion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the char-
acter buffer.
char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains an integer.
bool SvIOK(SV* sv)
SvIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains an integer. Checks the private setting.
Use "SvIOK".
bool SvIOKp(SV* sv)
SvIOK_notUV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains a signed integer.
bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
SvIOK_off
Unsets the IV status of an SV.
void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
SvIOK_on
Tells an SV that it is an integer.
void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
SvIOK_only
Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all
other OK bits.
void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
SvIOK_only_UV
Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and
disables all other OK bits.
void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
SvIOK_UV
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains an unsigned integer.
bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
SvIsCOW Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
Copy-On-Write. (either shared hash key scalars, or
full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured
for COW)
bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
SvIsCOW_shared_hash
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
Copy-On-Write shared hash key scalar.
bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
SvIV Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it.
See "SvIVx" for a version which guarantees to
evaluate sv only once.
IV SvIV(SV* sv)
SvIVX Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without
checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure
SvIOK is true. See also "SvIV()".
IV SvIVX(SV* sv)
SvIVx Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it.
Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more
efficient "SvIV" otherwise.
IV SvIVx(SV* sv)
SvIV_set
Set the value of the IV pointer in sv to val. It
is possible to perform the same function of this
macro with an lvalue assignment to "SvIVX". With
future Perls, however, it will be more efficient
to use "SvIV_set" instead of the lvalue assignment
to "SvIVX".
void SvIV_set(SV* sv, IV val)
SvLEN Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV,
not including any part attributable to "SvOOK".
See "SvCUR".
STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
SvLEN_set
Set the actual length of the string which is in
the SV. See "SvIV_set".
void SvLEN_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvMAGIC_set
Set the value of the MAGIC pointer in sv to val.
See "SvIV_set".
void SvMAGIC_set(SV* sv, MAGIC* val)
SvNIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains a number, integer or double.
bool SvNIOK(SV* sv)
SvNIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains a number, integer or double. Checks the
private setting. Use "SvNIOK".
bool SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
SvNIOK_off
Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
SvNOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains a double.
bool SvNOK(SV* sv)
SvNOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains a double. Checks the private setting. Use
"SvNOK".
bool SvNOKp(SV* sv)
SvNOK_off
Unsets the NV status of an SV.
void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
SvNOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a double.
void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
SvNOK_only
Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all
other OK bits.
void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
SvNV Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See
"SvNVx" for a version which guarantees to evaluate
sv only once.
NV SvNV(SV* sv)
SvNVX Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without
checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure
SvNOK is true. See also "SvNV()".
NV SvNVX(SV* sv)
SvNVx Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it.
Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more
efficient "SvNV" otherwise.
NV SvNVx(SV* sv)
SvNV_set
Set the value of the NV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvNV_set(SV* sv, NV val)
SvOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is
an SV. It also tells whether the value is defined
or not.
bool SvOK(SV* sv)
SvOOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is
a valid offset value for the SvPVX. This hack is
used internally to speed up removal of characters
from the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true,
then the start of the allocated string buffer is
really (SvPVX - SvIVX).
bool SvOOK(SV* sv)
SvPOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains a character string.
bool SvPOK(SV* sv)
SvPOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains a character string. Checks the private set-
ting. Use "SvPOK".
bool SvPOKp(SV* sv)
SvPOK_off
Unsets the PV status of an SV.
void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
SvPOK_on
Tells an SV that it is a string.
void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
SvPOK_only
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all
other OK bits. Will also turn off the UTF-8 sta-
tus.
void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
SvPOK_only_UTF8
Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all
other OK bits, and leaves the UTF-8 status as it
was.
void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
SvPV Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a
stringified form of the SV if the SV does not con-
tain a string. The SV may cache the stringified
version becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get' magic.
See also "SvPVx" for a version which guarantees to
evaluate sv only once.
char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representa-
tion first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytex
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to byte representa-
tion first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate
sv only once; use the more efficient "SvPVbyte"
otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbytex_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte repre-
sentation first if necessary. Guarantees to eval-
uate sv only once; use the more efficient
"SvPVbyte_force" otherwise.
char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to byte repre-
sentation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVbyte_nolen
Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to byte repre-
sentation first if necessary.
char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPVutf8
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if nec-
essary.
char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8x
Like "SvPV", but converts sv to utf8 first if nec-
essary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use
the more efficient "SvPVutf8" otherwise.
char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8x_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first
if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only
once; use the more efficient "SvPVutf8_force" oth-
erwise.
char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8_force
Like "SvPV_force", but converts sv to utf8 first
if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPVutf8_nolen
Like "SvPV_nolen", but converts sv to utf8 first
if necessary.
char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPVX Returns a pointer to the physical string in the
SV. The SV must contain a string.
char* SvPVX(SV* sv)
SvPVx A version of "SvPV" which guarantees to evaluate
sv only once.
char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_force
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing
just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want force if
you are going to update the "SvPVX" directly.
char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_force_nomg
Like "SvPV" but will force the SV into containing
just a string ("SvPOK_only"). You want force if
you are going to update the "SvPVX" directly.
Doesn't process magic.
char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
SvPV_nolen
Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a
stringified form of the SV if the SV does not con-
tain a string. The SV may cache the stringified
form becoming "SvPOK". Handles 'get' magic.
char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
SvPV_set
Set the value of the PV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvPV_set(SV* sv, char* val)
SvREFCNT
Returns the value of the object's reference count.
U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
SvREFCNT_dec
Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
SvREFCNT_inc
Increments the reference count of the given SV.
SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
SvROK Tests if the SV is an RV.
bool SvROK(SV* sv)
SvROK_off
Unsets the RV status of an SV.
void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
SvROK_on
Tells an SV that it is an RV.
void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
SvRV Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
SV* SvRV(SV* sv)
SvRV_set
Set the value of the RV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvRV_set(SV* sv, SV* val)
SvSTASH Returns the stash of the SV.
HV* SvSTASH(SV* sv)
SvSTASH_set
Set the value of the STASH pointer in sv to val.
See "SvIV_set".
void SvSTASH_set(SV* sv, STASH* val)
SvTAINT Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED
Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if
it is, FALSE if not.
bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED_off
Untaints an SV. Be very careful with this routine,
as it short-circuits some of Perl's fundamental
security features. XS module authors should not
use this function unless they fully understand all
the implications of unconditionally untainting the
value. Untainting should be done in the standard
perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp,
rather than directly untainting variables.
void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
SvTAINTED_on
Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
SvTRUE Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would
evaluate the SV as true or false, defined or unde-
fined. Does not handle 'get' magic.
bool SvTRUE(SV* sv)
SvTYPE Returns the type of the SV. See "svtype".
svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
SvUOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains an unsigned integer.
void SvUOK(SV* sv)
SvUPGRADE
Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form.
Uses "sv_upgrade" to perform the upgrade if neces-
sary. See "svtype".
void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
SvUTF8 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV con-
tains UTF-8 encoded data.
bool SvUTF8(SV* sv)
SvUTF8_off
Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
SvUTF8_on
Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not
changed, just the flag). Do not use frivolously.
void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
SvUV Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and
returns it. See "SvUVx" for a version which guar-
antees to evaluate sv only once.
UV SvUV(SV* sv)
SvUVX Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without
checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure
SvIOK is true. See also "SvUV()".
UV SvUVX(SV* sv)
SvUVx Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and
returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
Use the more efficient "SvUV" otherwise.
UV SvUVx(SV* sv)
SvUV_set
Set the value of the UV pointer in sv to val. See
"SvIV_set".
void SvUV_set(SV* sv, UV val)
sv_2bool
This function is only called on magical items, and
is only used by sv_true() or its macro equivalent.
bool sv_2bool(SV* sv)
sv_2cv Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV;
in addition, try if possible to set *st and *gvp
to the stash and GV associated with it.
CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)
sv_2io Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an
SV: the IO slot if its a GV; or the recursive
result if we're an RV; or the IO slot of the sym-
bol named after the PV if we're a string.
IO* sv_2io(SV* sv)
sv_2iv Return the integer value of an SV, doing any nec-
essary string conversion, magic etc. Normally used
via the "SvIV(sv)" and "SvIVx(sv)" macros.
IV sv_2iv(SV* sv)
sv_2mortal
Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be
destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to
FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is turned on which
means that the SV's string buffer can be "stolen"
if this SV is copied. See also "sv_newmortal" and
"sv_mortalcopy".
SV* sv_2mortal(SV* sv)
sv_2nv Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary
string or integer conversion, magic etc. Normally
used via the "SvNV(sv)" and "SvNVx(sv)" macros.
NV sv_2nv(SV* sv)
sv_2pvbyte
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representa-
tion of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May
cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a
side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_2pvbyte_nolen
Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representa-
tion of the SV. May cause the SV to be downgraded
from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVbyte_nolen" macro.
char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2pvutf8
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representa-
tion of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May
cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a
side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8" macro.
char* sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_2pvutf8_nolen
Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representa-
tion of the SV. May cause the SV to be upgraded
to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
Usually accessed via the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro.
char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2pv_flags
Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV,
and sets *lp to its length. If flags includes
SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a
string if necessary. Normally invoked via the
"SvPV_flags" macro. "sv_2pv()" and "sv_2pv_nomg"
usually end up here too.
char* sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
sv_2pv_nolen
Like "sv_2pv()", but doesn't return the length
too. You should usually use the macro wrapper
"SvPV_nolen(sv)" instead.
char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)
sv_2uv Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing
any necessary string conversion, magic etc. Nor-
mally used via the "SvUV(sv)" and "SvUVx(sv)"
macros.
UV sv_2uv(SV* sv)
sv_backoff
Remove any string offset. You should normally use
the "SvOOK_off" macro wrapper instead.
int sv_backoff(SV* sv)
sv_bless
Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV
must be an RV. The package must be designated by
its stash (see "gv_stashpv()"). The reference
count of the SV is unaffected.
SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
sv_catpv
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
which is in the SV. If the SV has the UTF-8 sta-
tus set, then the bytes appended should be valid
UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic.
See "sv_catpv_mg".
void sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
sv_catpvf
Processes its arguments like "sprintf" and appends
the formatted output to an SV. If the appended
data contains "wide" characters (including, but
not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with
%s, and characters >255 formatted with %c), the
original SV might get upgraded to UTF-8. Handles
'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See "sv_cat-
pvf_mg". If the original SV was UTF-8, the pattern
should be valid UTF-8; if the original SV was
bytes, the pattern should be too.
void sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_catpvf_mg
Like "sv_catpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_catpvn
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
which is in the SV. The "len" indicates number of
bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status
set, then the bytes appended should be valid
UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic.
See "sv_catpvn_mg".
void sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpvn_flags
Concatenates the string onto the end of the string
which is in the SV. The "len" indicates number of
bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status
set, then the bytes appended should be valid
UTF-8. If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will
"mg_get" on "dsv" if appropriate, else not.
"sv_catpvn" and "sv_catpvn_nomg" are implemented
in terms of this function.
void sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
sv_catpvn_mg
Like "sv_catpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpvn_nomg
Like "sv_catpvn" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_catpv_mg
Like "sv_catpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
sv_catsv
Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end
of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not
"ssv". Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic.
See "sv_catsv_mg".
void sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_catsv_flags
Concatenates the string from SV "ssv" onto the end
of the string in SV "dsv". Modifies "dsv" but not
"ssv". If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will
"mg_get" on the SVs if appropriate, else not.
"sv_catsv" and "sv_catsv_nomg" are implemented in
terms of this function.
void sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
sv_catsv_mg
Like "sv_catsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
sv_catsv_nomg
Like "sv_catsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_chop Efficient removal of characters from the beginning
of the string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be true and
the "ptr" must be a pointer to somewhere inside
the string buffer. The "ptr" becomes the first
character of the adjusted string. Uses the "OOK
hack". Beware: after this function returns, "ptr"
and SvPVX_const(sv) may no longer refer to the
same chunk of data.
void sv_chop(SV* sv, char* ptr)
sv_clear
Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any
memory used by the body, and free the body itself.
The SV's head is not freed, although its type is
set to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be
assumed to be live during global destruction etc.
This function should only be called when REFCNT is
zero. Most of the time you'll want to call
"sv_free()" (or its macro wrapper "SvREFCNT_dec")
instead.
void sv_clear(SV* sv)
sv_cmp Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0,
or 1 indicating whether the string in "sv1" is
less than, equal to, or greater than the string in
"sv2". Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get
magic, and will coerce its args to strings if nec-
essary. See also "sv_cmp_locale".
I32 sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_cmp_locale
Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware
manner. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles
get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if
necessary. See also "sv_cmp_locale". See also
"sv_cmp".
I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_collxfrm
Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't
already have it.
Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm
magic that contains the scalar data of the vari-
able, but transformed to such a format that a nor-
mal memory comparison can be used to compare the
data according to the locale settings.
char* sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)
sv_copypv
Copies a stringified representation of the source
SV into the destination SV. Automatically per-
forms any necessary mg_get and coercion of numeric
values into strings. Guaranteed to preserve UTF-8
flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in
nature to sv_2pv[_flags] but operates directly on
an SV instead of just the string. Mostly uses
sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that
would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.
void sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_dec Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing
string to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles
'get' magic.
void sv_dec(SV* sv)
sv_derived_from
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
derived from the specified class. This is the
function that implements "UNIVERSAL::isa". It
works for class names as well as for objects.
bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)
sv_eq Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings
in the two SVs are identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use
bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce
its args to strings if necessary.
I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
sv_force_normal
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV
is a shared string, make a private copy; if we're
a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
an xpvmg. See also "sv_force_normal_flags".
void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
sv_force_normal_flags
Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV
is a shared string, make a private copy; if we're
a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
an xpvmg. The "flags" parameter gets passed to
"sv_unref_flags()" when unrefing. "sv_force_nor-
mal" calls this function with flags set to 0.
void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags)
sv_free Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops
to zero, call "sv_clear" to invoke destructors and
free up any memory used by the body; finally,
deallocate the SV's head itself. Normally called
via a wrapper macro "SvREFCNT_dec".
void sv_free(SV* sv)
sv_gets Get a line from the filehandle and store it into
the SV, optionally appending to the currently-
stored string.
char* sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)
sv_grow Expands the character buffer in the SV. If neces-
sary, uses "sv_unref" and upgrades the SV to
"SVt_PV". Returns a pointer to the character
buffer. Use the "SvGROW" wrapper instead.
char* sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
sv_inc Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing
string to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles
'get' magic.
void sv_inc(SV* sv)
sv_insert
Inserts a string at the specified offset/length
within the SV. Similar to the Perl substr() func-
tion.
void sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
sv_isa Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is
blessed into the specified class. This does not
check for subtypes; use "sv_derived_from" to ver-
ify an inheritance relationship.
int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)
sv_isobject
Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an
RV pointing to a blessed object. If the SV is not
an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this
will return false.
int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
sv_iv A private implementation of the "SvIVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
IV sv_iv(SV* sv)
sv_len Returns the length of the string in the SV. Han-
dles magic and type coercion. See also "SvCUR",
which gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot.
STRLEN sv_len(SV* sv)
sv_len_utf8
Returns the number of characters in the string in
an SV, counting wide UTF-8 bytes as a single char-
acter. Handles magic and type coercion.
STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV* sv)
sv_magic
Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades "sv" to type
"SVt_PVMG" if necessary, then adds a new magic
item of type "how" to the head of the magic list.
See "sv_magicext" (which "sv_magic" now calls) for
a description of the handling of the "name" and
"namlen" arguments.
You need to use "sv_magicext" to add magic to
SvREADONLY SVs and also to add more than one
instance of the same 'how'.
void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
sv_magicext
Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary.
Applies the supplied vtable and returns a pointer
to the magic added.
Note that "sv_magicext" will allow things that
"sv_magic" will not. In particular, you can add
magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than one
instance of the same 'how'.
If "namlen" is greater than zero then a "savepvn"
copy of "name" is stored, if "namlen" is zero then
"name" is stored as-is and - as another special
case - if "(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)" then
"name" is assumed to contain an "SV*" and is
stored as-is with its REFCNT incremented.
(This is now used as a subroutine by "sv_magic".)
MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen)
sv_mortalcopy
Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original
SV (using "sv_setsv"). The new SV is marked as
mortal. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an
explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call
at places such as statement boundaries. See also
"sv_newmortal" and "sv_2mortal".
SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
sv_newmortal
Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The refer-
ence count of the SV is set to 1. It will be
destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to
FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
statement boundaries. See also "sv_mortalcopy"
and "sv_2mortal".
SV* sv_newmortal()
sv_newref
Increment an SV's reference count. Use the "SvRE-
FCNT_inc()" wrapper instead.
SV* sv_newref(SV* sv)
sv_nv A private implementation of the "SvNVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
NV sv_nv(SV* sv)
sv_pos_b2u
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a
count of bytes from the start of the string, to a
count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars.
Handles magic and type coercion.
void sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)
sv_pos_u2b
Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a
count of UTF-8 chars from the start of the string,
to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if
lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but
this time starting from the offset, rather than
from the start of the string. Handles magic and
type coercion.
void sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)
sv_pv Use the "SvPV_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pv(SV *sv)
sv_pvbyte
Use "SvPVbyte_nolen" instead.
char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)
sv_pvbyten
A private implementation of the "SvPVbyte" macro
for compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvbyten_force
A private implementation of the "SvPVbytex_force"
macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_pvn A private implementation of the "SvPV" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvn_force
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A
private implementation of the "SvPV_force" macro
for compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_pvn_force_flags
Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. If
"flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on
"sv" if appropriate, else not. "sv_pvn_force" and
"sv_pvn_force_nomg" are implemented in terms of
this function. You normally want to use the vari-
ous wrapper macros instead: see "SvPV_force" and
"SvPV_force_nomg"
char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
sv_pvutf8
Use the "SvPVutf8_nolen" macro instead
char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)
sv_pvutf8n
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8" macro
for compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
sv_pvutf8n_force
A private implementation of the "SvPVutf8_force"
macro for compilers which can't cope with complex
macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
sv_reftype
Returns a string describing what the SV is a ref-
erence to.
char* sv_reftype(SV* sv, int ob)
sv_replace
Make the first argument a copy of the second, then
delete the original. The target SV physically
takes over ownership of the body of the source SV
and inherits its flags; however, the target keeps
any magic it owns, and any magic in the source is
discarded. Note that this is a rather specialist
SV copying operation; most of the time you'll want
to use "sv_setsv" or one of its many macro
front-ends.
void sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)
sv_report_used
Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed.
(Debugging aid).
void sv_report_used()
sv_reset
Underlying implementation for the "reset" Perl
function. Note that the perl-level function is
vaguely deprecated.
void sv_reset(char* s, HV* stash)
sv_rvweaken
Weaken a reference: set the "SvWEAKREF" flag on
this RV; give the referred-to SV "PERL_MAGIC_back-
ref" magic if it hasn't already; and push a back-
reference to this RV onto the array of backrefer-
ences associated with that magic.
SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *sv)
sv_setiv
Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading
first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic.
See also "sv_setiv_mg".
void sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)
sv_setiv_mg
Like "sv_setiv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)
sv_setnv
Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first
if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
also "sv_setnv_mg".
void sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)
sv_setnv_mg
Like "sv_setnv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)
sv_setpv
Copies a string into an SV. The string must be
null-terminated. Does not handle 'set' magic.
See "sv_setpv_mg".
void sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
sv_setpvf
Works like "sv_catpvf" but copies the text into
the SV instead of appending it. Does not handle
'set' magic. See "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_setpvf_mg
Like "sv_setpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
sv_setpviv
Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating
its string value. Does not handle 'set' magic.
See "sv_setpviv_mg".
void sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
sv_setpviv_mg
Like "sv_setpviv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)
sv_setpvn
Copies a string into an SV. The "len" parameter
indicates the number of bytes to be copied. If
the "ptr" argument is NULL the SV will become
undefined. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
"sv_setpvn_mg".
void sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_setpvn_mg
Like "sv_setpvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_setpv_mg
Like "sv_setpv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
sv_setref_iv
Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally bless-
ing the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to
an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the
new SV. The "classname" argument indicates the
package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will
have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be
returned.
SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
sv_setref_nv
Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing
the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to an
RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new
SV. The "classname" argument indicates the pack-
age for the blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch"
to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a
reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
sv_setref_pv
Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally bless-
ing the SV. The "rv" argument will be upgraded to
an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the
new SV. If the "pv" argument is NULL then
"PL_sv_undef" will be placed into the SV. The
"classname" argument indicates the package for the
blessing. Set "classname" to "Nullch" to avoid
the blessing. The new SV will have a reference
count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV,
SV, CV, because those objects will become cor-
rupted by the pointer copy process.
Note that "sv_setref_pvn" copies the string while
this copies the pointer.
SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
sv_setref_pvn
Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing
the SV. The length of the string must be speci-
fied with "n". The "rv" argument will be upgraded
to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
the new SV. The "classname" argument indicates
the package for the blessing. Set "classname" to
"Nullch" to avoid the blessing. The new SV will
have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be
returned.
Note that "sv_setref_pv" copies the pointer while
this copies the string.
SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n)
sv_setref_uv
Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, option-
ally blessing the SV. The "rv" argument will be
upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to
point to the new SV. The "classname" argument
indicates the package for the blessing. Set
"classname" to "Nullch" to avoid the blessing.
The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and
the RV will be returned.
SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)
sv_setsv
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into
the destination SV "dsv". The source SV may be
destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this func-
tion if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not
handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs
a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content
of the destination.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of
wrappers, such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nosteal",
"SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
void sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_setsv_flags
Copies the contents of the source SV "ssv" into
the destination SV "dsv". The source SV may be
destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this func-
tion if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not
handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs
a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content
of the destination. If the "flags" parameter has
the "SV_GMAGIC" bit set, will "mg_get" on "ssv" if
appropriate, else not. If the "flags" parameter
has the "NOSTEAL" bit set then the buffers of
temps will not be stolen. and
"sv_setsv_nomg" are implemented in terms of this
function.
You probably want to use one of the assortment of
wrappers, such as "SvSetSV", "SvSetSV_nosteal",
"SvSetMagicSV" and "SvSetMagicSV_nosteal".
This is the primary function for copying scalars,
and most other copy-ish functions and macros use
this underneath.
void sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
sv_setsv_mg
Like "sv_setsv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
sv_setsv_nomg
Like "sv_setsv" but doesn't process magic.
void sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
sv_setuv
Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV,
upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle
'set' magic. See also "sv_setuv_mg".
void sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)
sv_setuv_mg
Like "sv_setuv", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)
sv_taint
Taint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_on" instead.
void sv_taint(SV* sv)
sv_tainted
Test an SV for taintedness. Use "SvTAINTED"
instead. bool sv_tainted(SV* sv)
sv_true Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's
rules. Use the "SvTRUE" macro instead, which may
call "sv_true()" or may instead use an in-line
version.
I32 sv_true(SV *sv)
sv_unmagic
Removes all magic of type "type" from an SV.
int sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type)
sv_unref
Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the
reference count of whatever was being referenced
by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a
reversal of "newSVrv". This is "sv_unref_flags"
with the "flag" being zero. See "SvROK_off".
void sv_unref(SV* sv)
sv_unref_flags
Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the
reference count of whatever was being referenced
by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a
reversal of "newSVrv". The "cflags" argument can
contain "SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF" to force the refer-
ence count to be decremented (otherwise the decre-
menting is conditional on the reference count
being different from one or the reference being a
readonly SV). See "SvROK_off".
void sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags)
sv_untaint
Untaint an SV. Use "SvTAINTED_off" instead.
void sv_untaint(SV* sv)
sv_upgrade
Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally
adds a new body type to the SV, then copies across
as much information as possible from the old body.
You generally want to use the "SvUPGRADE" macro
wrapper. See also "svtype".
bool sv_upgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt)
sv_usepvn
Tells an SV to use "ptr" to find its string value.
Normally the string is stored inside the SV but
sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string.
The "ptr" should point to memory that was allo-
cated by "malloc". The string length, "len", must
be supplied. This function will realloc the mem-
ory pointed to by "ptr", so that pointer should
not be freed or used by the programmer after giv-
ing it to sv_usepvn. Does not handle 'set' magic.
See "sv_usepvn_mg".
void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_usepvn_mg
Like "sv_usepvn", but also handles 'set' magic.
void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
sv_utf8_decode
If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8
and contains a multiple-byte character, the
"SvUTF8" flag is turned on so that it looks like a
character. If the PV contains only single-byte
characters, the "SvUTF8" flag stays being off.
Scans PV for validity and returns false if the PV
is invalid UTF-8.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_downgrade
Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from charac-
ters to bytes. If the PV contains a character
beyond byte, this conversion will fail; in this
case, either returns false or, if "fail_ok" is not
true, croaks.
This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte
encoding interface: use the Encode extension for
that.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok)
sv_utf8_encode
Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns
the "SvUTF8" flag off so that it looks like octets
again.
void sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_upgrade
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded
form. Forces the SV to string form if it is not
already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid
future validity checks even if all the bytes have
hibit clear.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to
Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for
that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)
sv_utf8_upgrade_flags
Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded
form. Forces the SV to string form if it is not
already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid
future validity checks even if all the bytes have
hibit clear. If "flags" has "SV_GMAGIC" bit set,
will "mg_get" on "sv" if appropriate, else not.
"sv_utf8_upgrade" and "sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg" are
implemented in terms of this function.
This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to
Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for
that.
STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)
sv_uv A private implementation of the "SvUVx" macro for
compilers which can't cope with complex macro
expressions. Always use the macro instead.
UV sv_uv(SV* sv)
sv_vcatpvf
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and
appends the formatted output to an SV. Does not
handle 'set' magic. See "sv_vcatpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf".
void sv_vcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vcatpvfn
Processes its arguments like "vsprintf" and
appends the formatted output to an SV. Uses an
array of SVs if the C style variable argument list
is missing (NULL). When running with taint checks
enabled, indicates via "maybe_tainted" if results
are untrustworthy (often due to the use of
locales).
XXX Except that it maybe_tainted is never assigned
to.
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vcatpvf"
and "sv_vcatpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
sv_vcatpvf_mg
Like "sv_vcatpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_catpvf_mg".
void sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vsetpvf
Works like "sv_vcatpvf" but copies the text into
the SV instead of appending it. Does not handle
'set' magic. See "sv_vsetpvf_mg".
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf".
void sv_vsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
sv_vsetpvfn
Works like "sv_vcatpvfn" but copies the text into
the SV instead of appending it.
Usually used via one of its frontends "sv_vsetpvf"
and "sv_vsetpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
sv_vsetpvf_mg
Like "sv_vsetpvf", but also handles 'set' magic.
Usually used via its frontend "sv_setpvf_mg".
void sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
Unicode Support
bytes_from_utf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8
into byte encoding. Unlike "utf8_to_bytes" but
like "bytes_to_utf8", returns a pointer to the
newly-created string, and updates "len" to contain
the new length. Returns the original string if no
conversion occurs, "len" is unchanged. Do nothing
if "is_utf8" points to 0. Sets "is_utf8" to 0 if
"s" is converted or contains all 7bit characters.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
U8* bytes_from_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
bytes_to_utf8
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from ASCII
into UTF-8 encoding. Returns a pointer to the
newly-created string, and sets "len" to reflect
the new length.
If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encod-
ings than ASCII, see sv_recode_to_utf8().
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
U8* bytes_to_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
ibcmp_utf8
Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ
case-insensitively, false if not (if they are
equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the
string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Uni-
code. If u2 is true, the string s2 is assumed to
be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2 are
false, the respective string is assumed to be in
native 8-bit encoding.
If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning
pointers will be copied in there (they will point
at the beginning of the next character). If the
pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are
the end pointers beyond which scanning will not
continue under any circumstances. If the byte
lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and s2+l2
will be used as goal end pointers that will also
stop the scan, and which qualify towards defining
a successful match: all the scans that define an
explicit length must reach their goal pointers for
a match to succeed).
For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of
Unicode is used instead of upper/lowercasing both
the characters, see http://www.unicode.org/uni-
code/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
is_utf8_char
Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in
a valid UTF-8 character. Note that an INVARIANT
(i.e. ASCII) character is a valid UTF-8 character.
The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character
will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
STRLEN is_utf8_char(U8 *p)
is_utf8_string
Returns true if first "len" bytes of the given
string form a valid UTF-8 string, false otherwise.
Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does not mean 'a
string that contains code points above 0x7F
encoded in UTF-8' because a valid ASCII string is
a valid UTF-8 string.
See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and
is_utf8_string_loc().
bool is_utf8_string(U8 *s, STRLEN len)
is_utf8_string_loc
Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of
the failure (in the case of "utf8ness failure") or
the location s+len (in the case of "utf8ness suc-
cess") in the "ep".
See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and
is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loc(U8 *s, STRLEN len, U8 **p)
is_utf8_string_loclen
Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of
the failure (in the case of "utf8ness failure") or
the location s+len (in the case of "utf8ness suc-
cess") in the "ep", and the number of UTF-8
encoded characters in the "el".
See also is_utf8_string_loc() and
is_utf8_string().
bool is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
pv_uni_display
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of
the string spv, length len, the displayable ver-
sion being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer,
the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT
set to display isPRINT()able characters as them-
selves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH to display the
\\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like
'\n') (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over
UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\). UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and
its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both UNI_DIS-
PLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
sv_cat_decode
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object,
the PV of the ssv is assumed to be octets in that
encoding and decoding the input starts from the
position which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv
will be concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from
ssv. Decoding will terminate when the string tstr
appears in decoding output or the input ends on
the PV of the ssv. The value which the offset
points will be modified to the last input position
on the ssv.
Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else
returns FALSE.
bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
sv_recode_to_utf8
The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on
entry the PV of the sv is assumed to be octets in
that encoding, and the sv will be converted into
Unicode (and UTF-8).
If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK),
or if the encoding is not a reference, nothing is
done to the sv. If the encoding is not an
"Encode::XS" Encoding object, bad things will hap-
pen. (See lib/encoding.pm and Encode).
The PV of the sv is returned.
char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
sv_uni_display
Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of
the scalar sv, the displayable version being at
most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is
truncated and "..." will be appended).
The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
to_utf8_case
The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string
encoding the character that is being converted.
The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer
to put the conversion result to. The "lenp" is a
pointer to the length of the result.
The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
Both the special and normal mappings are stored
lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl, and loaded by SWASHGET,
using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually,
but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is
tried first.
The "special" is a string like
"utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the hash
%utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is
through Perl_to_utf8_case().
The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which
means the swash %utf8::ToLower.
UV to_utf8_case(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swashp, char *normal, char *special)
to_utf8_fold
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
foldcase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the foldcase version may be longer
than the original character (up to three charac-
ters).
The first character of the foldcased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
may be more.)
UV to_utf8_fold(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_lower
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
lowercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the lowercase version may be longer
than the original character.
The first character of the lowercased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
may be more.)
UV to_utf8_lower(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_title
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
titlecase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the titlecase version may be longer
than the original character.
The first character of the titlecased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
may be more.)
UV to_utf8_title(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
to_utf8_upper
Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its
uppercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp
and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the
ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1
bytes since the uppercase version may be longer
than the original character.
The first character of the uppercased version is
returned (but note, as explained above, that there
may be more.)
UV to_utf8_upper(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
utf8n_to_uvchr
Returns the native character value of the first
character in the string "s" which is assumed to be
in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the
length, in bytes, of that character.
Allows length and flags to be passed to low level
routine.
UV utf8n_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
utf8n_to_uvuni
Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the
unicode code point value of the first character in
the string "s" which is assumed to be in UTF-8
encoding and no longer than "curlen"; "retlen"
will be set to the length, in bytes, of that char-
acter.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 char-
acter, the behaviour is dependent on the value of
"flags": if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, it is
assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and
this function will silently just set "retlen" to
"-1" and return zero. If the "flags" does not
contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about malforma-
tions will be given, "retlen" will be set to the
expected length of the UTF-8 character in bytes,
and zero will be returned.
The "flags" can also contain various flags to
allow deviations from the strict UTF-8 encoding
(see utf8.h).
Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than
call this directly.
UV utf8n_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
utf8_distance
Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the
UTF-8 pointers "a" and "b".
WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers
point inside the same UTF-8 buffer.
IV utf8_distance(U8 *a, U8 *b)
utf8_hop
Return the UTF-8 pointer "s" displaced by "off"
characters, either forward or backward.
WARNING: do not use the following unless you
*know* "off" is within the UTF-8 data pointed to
by "s" *and* that on entry "s" is aligned on the
first byte of character or just after the last
byte of a character.
U8* utf8_hop(U8 *s, I32 off)
utf8_length
Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string
"s" in characters. Stops at "e" (inclusive). If
"e < s" or if the scan would end up past "e",
croaks.
STRLEN utf8_length(U8* s, U8 *e)
utf8_to_bytes
Converts a string "s" of length "len" from UTF-8
into byte encoding. Unlike "bytes_to_utf8", this
over-writes the original string, and updates len
to contain the new length. Returns zero on fail-
ure, setting "len" to -1.
NOTE: this function is experimental and may change
or be removed without notice.
U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
utf8_to_uvchr
Returns the native character value of the first
character in the string "s" which is assumed to be
in UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the
length, in bytes, of that character.
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 char-
acter, zero is returned and retlen is set, if pos-
sible, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
utf8_to_uvuni
Returns the Unicode code point of the first char-
acter in the string "s" which is assumed to be in
UTF-8 encoding; "retlen" will be set to the
length, in bytes, of that character.
This function should only be used when returned UV
is considered an index into the Unicode semantic
tables (e.g. swashes).
If "s" does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 char-
acter, zero is returned and retlen is set, if pos-
sible, to -1.
UV utf8_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
uvchr_to_utf8
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native code-
point "uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should be have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free
bytes available. The return value is the pointer
to the byte after the end of the new character. In
other words,
d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
is the recommended wide native character-aware way
of saying
*(d++) = uv;
U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
uvuni_to_utf8_flags
Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode code-
point "uv" to the end of the string "d"; "d"
should be have at least "UTF8_MAXBYTES+1" free
bytes available. The return value is the pointer
to the byte after the end of the new character. In
other words,
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
or, in most cases,
d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
(which is equivalent to)
d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
*(d++) = uv;
U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
Variables created by "xsubpp" and "xsubpp" internal functions
ax Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
the stack base offset, used by the "ST", "XSpre-
PUSH" and "XSRETURN" macros. The "dMARK" macro
must be called prior to setup the "MARK" variable.
I32 ax
CLASS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
the class name for a C++ XS constructor. This is
always a "char*". See "THIS".
char* CLASS
dAX Sets up the "ax" variable. This is usually han-
dled automatically by "xsubpp" by calling
"dXSARGS".
dAX;
dAXMARK Sets up the "ax" variable and stack marker vari-
able "mark". This is usually handled automati-
cally by "xsubpp" by calling "dXSARGS".
dAXMARK;
dITEMS Sets up the "items" variable. This is usually
handled automatically by "xsubpp" by calling
"dXSARGS".
dITEMS;
dXSARGS Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, call-
ing dSP and dMARK. Sets up the "ax" and "items"
variables by calling "dAX" and "dITEMS". This is
usually handled automatically by "xsubpp".
dXSARGS;
dXSI32 Sets up the "ix" variable for an XSUB which has
aliases. This is usually handled automatically by
"xsubpp".
dXSI32;
items Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
the number of items on the stack. See "Vari-
able-length Parameter Lists" in perlxs.
I32 items
ix Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to indicate
which of an XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it.
See "The ALIAS: Keyword" in perlxs.
I32 ix
newXSproto
Used by "xsubpp" to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
Adds Perl prototypes to the subs.
RETVAL Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to hold the
return value for an XSUB. This is always the
proper type for the XSUB. See "The RETVAL Vari-
able" in perlxs.
(whatever) RETVAL
ST Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
SV* ST(int ix)
THIS Variable which is setup by "xsubpp" to designate
the object in a C++ XSUB. This is always the
proper type for the C++ object. See "CLASS" and
"Using XS With C++" in perlxs.
(whatever) THIS
XS Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list.
This is handled by "xsubpp".
XS_VERSION
The version identifier for an XS module. This is
usually handled automatically by "ExtUtils::Make-
Maker". See "XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK".
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION vari-
able matches the XS module's "XS_VERSION" vari-
able. This is usually handled automatically by
"xsubpp". See "The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword" in per-
lxs.
XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
Warning and Dieing
croak This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's
"die" function. Normally call this function the
same way you call the C "printf" function. Call-
ing "croak" returns control directly to Perl,
sidestepping the normal C order of execution. See
"warn".
If you want to throw an exception object, assign
the object to $@ and then pass "Nullch" to
croak():
errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE);
sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object);
croak(Nullch);
void croak(const char* pat, ...)
warn This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's
"warn" function. Call this function the same way
you call the C "printf" function. See "croak".
void warn(const char* pat, ...)
AUTHORS
Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff
Okamoto . It is now maintained as
part of Perl itself.
With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich,
Malcolm Beattie, Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya
Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew Green,
Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen McCa-
mant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.
API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich
.
Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by
Benjamin Stuhl.
SEE ALSO
perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)
perl v5.8.8 2006-01-07 PERLAPI(1)